The WSRJ is an international peer reviewed, online and print version journal published by Boya Century Publishing. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of science and technology. We bring together Scientists, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields. WSRJ is a monthly, open access, peer reviewed and fully refereed international journal with minimal processing charge.
Coupling Effects of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow and Facility Design on Capacity of Tunnel Group Sections in CAV Environment
With the advancement of connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technology, the traffic flow in highway tunnel group sections has transformed into a heterogeneous mix of CAVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs). The operational capacity of these sections is influenced by multiple interdependent factors, including traffic composition, speed limit control, and tunnel configuration. Understanding the coupling mechanisms among these factors is essential for enhancing both efficiency and safety. In this study, we first analyze the characteristics of heterogeneous traffic flow under CAV conditions and the structural features of various tunnel group layouts. An integrated simulation model is then developed by combining an enhanced NaSch cellular automaton model with the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), capturing the dynamic interactions among heterogeneous traffic, speed limits, and tunnel geometry. Through multi-scenario simulations, the individual and coupled influences of these factors on tunnel group capacity are systematically examined. The results indicate that: (1) Increasing the CAV penetration rate improves operational capacity significantly, with capacity growth tapering off after the rate exceeds 60%; (2) Each tunnel configuration corresponds to an optimal speed limit range, and a mismatch can cause considerable capacity reduction; (3) The coupling effect of traffic composition and speed control is particularly pronounced in long-span tunnel groups, where appropriately matching CAV penetration with speed limits can maximize capacity. This study elucidates the internal coupling mechanisms governing the operational capacity of tunnel groups and offers theoretical and technical support for the refined design and intelligent management of highway tunnel sections in a CAV environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 World Scientific Research Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Improved A* Based Path Planning and Control Strategy for Autonomous Sanitation Vehicles in Campus Environments
To address the problems of "missed operation tasks, high risk of path scraping, and low search efficiency" in the path planning of autonomous sanitation vehicles in smart parks, this paper proposes an optimization scheme based on an improved A* algorithm and Bézier curve. Based on the traditional A* algorithm, the neighborhood expansion is optimized to reduce invalid traversal, and redundant nodes are pruned through the "collinearity judgment + safe distance verification" strategy. A cubic Bézier curve is introduced to smooth the polyline path, adapting to the kinematic constraints of sanitation vehicles. Experimental results show that the number of traversed nodes of the improved A* algorithm is reduced, with significantly improved path safety and real-time performance guaranteed. The Bézier curve achieves continuous curvature, solving the problem of sudden steering. The proposed path planning scheme balances the requirements of operation completeness, kinematic safety, and planning efficiency, providing technical support for the intellectualization of environmental maintenance in smart parks.
Performance Comparative Analysis and Structural Optimization of Split Mechanical Seals for Pumps
This paper focuses on the sealing performance of split mechanical seals used in pumps, proposing a new split seal structure with the sealing ring and support component installed at a 90° offset, and conducting a comparative performance study against traditional coplanar arrangements. The research establishes a 3D numerical model, combining ANSYS numerical simulation with orthogonal experimental methods to systematically analyze the impact of the gap between the end face and split face on leakage. The results show that the new design exhibits superior sealing performance under various gap conditions. Furthermore, through range and variance analysis, the significant order of the impact of each structural parameter on leakage was determined, optimizing a combination of structural parameters that achieved the best sealing performance, significantly reducing leakage, and providing a theoretical basis and reference for the structural design and performance improvement of split mechanical seals.
Study on the Osteogenic Effects of Yuliang Collagen Implantation Without Bone Grafting at 6–9 mm from the Maxillary Sinus Floor: A Prospective Cohort Study
Objective: To evaluate the osteogenic effect and implant survival rate in the peri-implant region following simultaneous maxillary sinus floor elevation via the crestal approach and Yuliang collagen (a high-purity type I collagen matrix) implantation, without additional bone grafting, in patients with residual alveolar bone height (RBH) of 6–9 mm in the maxillary posterior region. Methods: A prospective cohort study design was employed, enrolling 42 patients (50 implants) requiring maxillary posterior implant restoration with RBH of 6–9 mm. All patients underwent bone-free transalveolar sinus floor elevation, with Yuli'an collagen implanted in the elevated space during surgery. Immediate postoperative and 6-month/12-month postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were performed to measure new bone height (NBH) above the implant apex and bone density changes (gray-scale analysis). Surgical complications and implant survival were recorded. Results: We followed up on 50 implants in 42 patients for an average of 14.3 months. One case involved minor periosteal perforation during the maxillary sinus lift, which did not affect final healing. No implant infections or failures occurred. The implant survival rate was 98% (49/50). At 12 months postoperatively, CBCT measurements revealed new bone formation above the implant apexes. Compared to the preoperative RBH (7.2 ± 0.8) mm, the mean height of newly formed bone was (3.8 ± 0.9) mm, with an average increase of approximately 3.4 mm in sinus floor bone height. For assessing the density of newly formed bone, we used the density of the contralateral normal maxillary bone as a reference. The mean bone density in the newly formed bone area reached (65.2 ± 7.1)% and (88.7 ± 5.3)% of the contralateral normal maxillary bone density at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, respectively, indicating good maturity of the newly formed bone. Conclusion: For maxillary posterior regions with a ridge height (RBH) of 6–9 mm, sinus floor elevation via the crestal approach using Yuliang collagen protein alone (without bone grafting) can guide the formation of sufficient quantities of high-quality new bone. This approach achieves clinical osteogenic outcomes and high implant survival rates comparable to traditional bone grafting methods. YuLiAn collagen, serving as a space-maintaining and guiding matrix, demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic potential in this procedure, offering a reliable option for simplifying surgical steps, reducing patient costs, and minimizing trauma.
Pollution monitoring and assessment of heavy metals in leafy vegetable: A case study of a typical industrial district
Long-term consumption of contaminated leafy vegetables poses potential health risks, particularly in areas affected by heavy metal (HM) pollution. To assess the status of vegetable contamination in China and provide a foundation for the experimental sampling of this study, HM data for vegetables published between 2017 and 2021 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science databases were reviewed. Based on the accumulation characteristics of HMs in vegetables reported in the literature, this study analyzed the total amount of HMs in leafy vegetables from Qingshan District, a typical industrial area. The results showed that the average concentrations of HMs in the four vegetables did not exceed the limits set by national food safety standards. However, at certain sampling points, the HM levels in amaranth were close to or even exceeded the permissible limits, indicating a potential risk of Cd contamination in amaranth. The single-factor pollution indicated that the four HMs across the four vegetables were all classified as "uncontaminated." Notably, amaranth and water spinach exhibited relatively higher single-factor pollution indices for Cd, while vegetable shoots and Chinese cabbage showed higher single-factor pollution indices for Hg.
Optimization Analysis of Exposure Machine Light Source Layout and Heat Dissipation Structure Based on CFD Technology
This paper presents a CFD-based optimization analysis of the light source layout and heat dissipation structure of PCB exposure machines. As the PCB manufacturing process becomes more advanced, exposure machines face issues such as uneven light sources and inadequate heat dissipation, affecting exposure quality and equipment stability. The study investigates the impact of light source layout on exposure uniformity and analyzes the cooling effect of the air-cooling system under different operating conditions. The results show that optimizing the light source layout significantly improves exposure uniformity, reduces light source overlap and dead zones, enhancing overall exposure performance. While the air-cooling system effectively reduces internal temperatures, high-load conditions lead to uneven temperature distribution, especially near the light source plate, affecting long-term operational stability. The paper proposes improvements to the airflow path and strength of the air-cooling system to further enhance temperature uniformity and equipment stability. This research provides valuable insights for the design and optimization of exposure machines in PCB manufacturing.
Copyright (c) 2025 World Scientific Research Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research on the Application of Refractory Materials in The Steel Industry
As the core basic material of the high-temperature production process of the iron and steel industry, the performance adaptability of refractories directly determines the smelting efficiency, product quality and production cost. In view of the outstanding problems faced by refractories in the current green and low-carbon transformation of the iron and steel industry, such as erosion and wear, uneven life span, and environmental protection hazards, this paper summarizes the application scenarios and problems of refractories in the iron and steel industry on the basis of literature research, and then puts forward optimization strategies such as formula improvement, process optimization and environmental protection upgrade, which provides technical support for the efficient adaptation and application of refractories in the iron and steel industry, and is of great significance to promoting the green and high-quality development of the industry.
DAP-YOLO: A Multi-scale Adaptive Fusion Human Detection Model for Aerial Photography Disaster Scenarios
In emergency rescue operations for natural disasters and traffic accidents, rapidly and accurately detecting core disaster areas and identifying survivors in urgent need of rescue holds significant practical importance. To address this, this study proposes a multi-scale adaptive fusion human detection model for aerial disaster scenes—DAP-YOLO. First, the PPA module is introduced, employing multi-branch parallel fusion to enhance focus on small objects. Second, the C3k2_DWR module utilizes DWR to expand the receptive field, mitigating feature information loss during downsampling. The ASFF module is integrated into the detection layer, dynamically assigning weights to adaptively adjust the contribution of feature maps at different scales. Additionally, a micro-detection structure is designed for small objects, significantly reducing model parameters while enhancing detection performance. Experiments demonstrate that DAP-YOLO outperforms YOLO11n on the C2A dataset by 6.70% in recall, 5.30% in mAP50, 5.10% in mAP50-95, and 4.63% in F1-Score. and on the SARD dataset, improvements of 6.40%, 4.10%, 8.20%, and 4.78% respectively. Further comparison of mAP50-95 reveals that DAP-YOLO outperforms YOLOv12n by 5.10% while significantly surpassing the lightweight YOLOv13n model. These experiments validate the effectiveness of human detection models in disaster scenarios, providing technical support for drone-based post-disaster search and rescue operations.
Green Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots and Performance Optimization for Bioimaging
The rapid development of nanotechnology has brought about many new types of material for biomedical use, and among them, fluorescent nanomers are the most outstanding, used as bio imaging materials. The conventional semiconductor quantum dots, as good as they look when it comes to the light show they produce, carry a weighty burden: because of the heavy metal inside them, they can cause real problems for living things and nature too. As a new type of quantum dots, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) exhibit good biocompatibility, low toxicity, high photostability and adjustable photoluminescence. Another big change is the creation of green synthesis methods. They use nature-based things that can grow again and are cheap. These things aren't harmful to other living things. They fit in with how sustainable chemistry works. This paper gives an overall summary on the green synthesis of CQDs with different precursors, such as fruit peels, plant leaves, food waste, hydrothermal method, microwave-assisted method, and pyrolysis and so on. Also examines key ways of improving its performance so as to make it suitable for use with high contrast bioimages. They can be heteroatom doped with nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc., to increase quantum yield through changing electronic band structure, passivation and functionalization to control emission wavelengths and give targeting function towards certain organelle or diseased cells, control synthesis process to become more robust in harsh bioconditions. Review talks about how these improved, greener CQDs get used properly in both test tubes and living creatures, showing their cool potential to be the newest kind of safe and good light-markers for checking sick people and making medical studies better. the shift toward making CQDs that are both sustainable and can be scaled up for producing really good nanotech materials moves us closer to bringing these things into use clinically, so doctors can make better images of patients that are safer and easier to understand.
Research on Strategies for the Management of University Teaching Laboratory in the Informatization Background
University teaching laboratory serves as essential platforms for disciplinary development and talent cultivation. In the background of the information age, traditional laboratory management models can no longer meet the evolving needs of laboratory development. Informatized management—characterized by efficiency, convenience, and intelligence—offers new directions for reforming laboratory management. This paper focuses on key issues in teaching laboratory management, including inadequate safety supervision systems, low resource utilization, and outdated experimental teaching models. It explores new management strategies within the context of informatization, aiming to provide references for promoting the informatization and intelligent development of laboratory management.
Judging the Habitability of Extraterrestrial Planet Based on Structure of the Earth: Is the Plate Tectonic Essential for Existing Life
The search for extraterrestrial life is one of the most significant areas of scientific investigation, with a focus on identifying habitable planets beyond Earth. This review critically demonstrates the role of plate tectonics in life formation, based on the theory foundation that humans had discovered on Earth. The Earth's structure and its geodynamic processes are used as a model for assessing the potential habitability of other planetary bodies. Plate tectonics on Earth plays an important role in regulating climate stability, maintaining the magnetic field, and reshaping the surface. They are all supporting the necessary conditions for life. As plate tectonics on Earth are deeply linked with habitability, several exoplanets, such as Mars, Venus, and the icy moons of Jupiter (Europa), have shown that planets without plate tectonics may have the potential of forming life. Mars, for instance, has shown limited evidence of plate tectonics happening, but scientists suggest that its subsurface could still offer conditions for life. Venus has a thick crust and a lack of tectonic activities, but with unique volcanic and tectonic features that suggest the possibility of internal dynamic processes without traditional plate subduction. Europa is covered by a thick icy crust, and it is suggested that the existing subsurface ocean can be maintained by tidal heating rather than tectonics. The article discusses how habitability is not only dependent on plate tectonics but relies on a combination of factors, including liquid water, energy sources, and chemical disequilibrium. As a result, plate tectonics may not be the restrictive feature for a planetary body to have life.
Relationship between plate tectonics and existing life on Earth
Structure and plate tectonics of planets in Solar system
Semiconductor Physics, Simulation Methods and Devices
Semiconductors are materials that are between conductors and insulators. Because of their special electrical properties, they are widely used in modern electronics. This review first outlines the basic ideas of semiconductor, and how intrinsic semiconductors (pure material like silicon) can be changed into extrinsic semiconductors (p-type or n-type) semiconductors by doping and explains how temperature affect the carrier concentration and conductivity of extrinsic semiconductor. We then introduce a modelling perspective by using a first-principles calculation tool, CASTEP, to perform basic simulations on the electronic properties of semiconductor materials. Finally, we summarize key application of semiconductors in solar cell.
Investigation on the pKa of Acids by Computational Simulation using the Density Functional Theory
We present a Density Functional Theory (DFT) study to investigate the pKa values of various acids. A brief background on quantum mechanics is provided to introduce the fundamental principles of Kohn–Sham DFT. We then apply DFT to calculate the proton dissociation energies of chlorine-substituted ethanoic acid and aspartic acid. While the computed trends for chlorine-substituted ethanoic acid agree well with experimental observations, noticeable discrepancies arise in the case of aspartic acid. We further analyze and rationalize the underlying factors contributing to this divergence between theoretical predictions and experimental results.
How pH and Temperature Influence Ampicillin Degradation: A Zone of Inhibition Study
Antibiotics such as ampicillin (C₁₆H₁₉N₃O₄S) are essential for treating bacterial infections, and their efficacy depends on environmental conditions like pH and temperature. This study examined how ampicillin’s antibacterial activity—measured via zone of inhibition assays—is affected by different pH levels (5.5, 7.2, 8.5) and temperatures (4°C, 25°C, 50°C, 80°C). Results showed that neutral pH (7.2) and lower temperatures (4–25°C) best preserved ampicillin’s activity, while alkaline conditions (pH 8.5) and high temperatures (≥50°C) caused significant degradation. These findings highlight the importance of proper storage and handling to maintain ampicillin’s clinical effectiveness.
Advancing the Frontier of Immunotherapy in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Targets and Multi-Target Strategies
Despite advances with R-CHOP and CD19 CAR-T, many patients develop resistance through antigen escape and immunosuppression. Promising novel targets include CD37, ROR1, CD79b, CD70-CD27, and BAFF-BAFFR axes. Bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and multi-target CAR-T therapies demonstrate enhanced efficacy by overcoming tumor heterogeneity. Future DLBCL management will likely integrate these multi-target approaches with conventional therapies, tailored to molecular profiles for improved outcomes in refractory disease.
Design and Implementation of a Lithography Chamber Environment Controller Based on Decoupling of Temperature and Humidity
Lithography, as the cornerstone of semiconductor manufacturing, imposes stringent tolerances on the temperature and humidity of the exposure chamber. However, the strong coupling between these two variables makes conventional PID control inadequate. To address this issue, we propose a decoupling-oriented environmental controller for the lithography chamber. First, by analyzing the internal heat- and mass-transfer mechanisms, a two-input/two-output transfer-function model of the chamber is established. A feedforward compensator is then designed to generate pre-feedback decoupling signals, which are further refined by a Hebb-rule neural-network decoupler to actively cancel cross-interference between the temperature and humidity loops. The hardware is built around an STM32F407 microcontroller and integrates auxiliary heating, refrigeration, and humidification modules. The software architecture comprises a main scheduler, data-acquisition service, and environmental-factor control kernels. Experimental results show that the controller maintains the chamber temperature within 23 ± 0.13 °C and relative humidity between 54 % RH and 57 % RH, satisfying the accuracy and dynamic-response requirements of mainstream lithographic processes.
Multi-dimensional Comparative Study on Quanlity of Azithromycin Dry Suspension from Different Manufacturers
Objective: To compare the quality of azithromycin dry suspensions from different manufacturers. Methods: A comparative study was conducted on azithromycin dry suspensions produced by the original research manufacturer and two enterprises from China. The quality of each preparation was compared and evaluated by determining data such as appearance, content, palatability, redispersibility, and dissolution profile of azithromycin dry suspensions from different manufacturers. Results: The azithromycin content of products from all manufacturers ranged from 90% to 110%, meeting the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. There were differences to varying degrees in indicators including appearance, palatability, and redispersibility. The dissolution profiles were similar in the pH 6.8 medium. In the pH 7.2 medium, the dissolution behavior of azithromycin dry suspension (Manufacturer W) was similar to that of the original research preparation, while the dissolution rate of azithromycin dry suspension (Manufacturer P) was excessively fast. Conclusion: The azithromycin content of the dry suspensions from the three manufacturers all meets the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia; however, there are differences in indicators such as appearance, palatability, redispersibility, and dissolution profile in the pH 7.2 medium.
Morphological and Functional Correlations of Cortical Neural Circuits
From the form to the function of the neuron is the ultimate question for cortical neuroscience. Here, we summarize current electrophysiological evidence for correlations between morphology and functional attributes in the primate primary visual cortex (V1) at the level of individual neurons. We highlight three morphological attributes-dendritic arborization, soma size, and synaptic density-and how each maps onto signature functional properties including firing regimes, receptive field structure, and orientation selectivity. Techniques that bridge the range from in vivo multiunit recording (up to the latest Neuropixels probes) to patch-clamp with associated anatomical reconstructions, to two-photon identification of individual neurons, were used to outline the structure-function mappings. Layer 2/3 pyramidal cells with elongated apical dendrites aligned to the cell's orientation preference are more sharply tuned for that orientation, for instance, whereas simple metrics for the circularity of the dendritic field show none of the biases seen with orientation map domain. The PV interneurons are the reverse: highly orientation-selective PV cells are more localized in their dendritic arbors than the broadly tuned cells web.mit.edu. Macaque V1 layer 4 narrow-spiking cells with large somata (and waveform) are highly direction-selective, whereas the other subclass bursts with orientation selectivity. Macaque V1 cells are sparsely innervated synaptically compared to cells at the same laminar location in the mouse (2-5× fewer inputs), indicating species-specific integration that could underlie primate-specific aspects to visual processing. We integrate results from individual layers: layer 4 spiny stellate/pyramidal cells receive profuse thalamic innervations and are likely to be simple field receivers, whereas the larger layer 5 pyramids (with thick tufts, large somata) are the burst-firing cells with broader spatial tuning. Together, these results suggest that the form of the neuron in the V1, dictated by laminar cell type, systematically determines functional output. We derive the implications for cortical circuit models: morphological specializations support independent processing functions, yet orientation tuning is surprisingly robust to perturbations of the dendritic form. The following primate high-resolution imaging-electrophysiology experiments will determine the ultimate human V1 structure-function atlas.
Research and Optimisation of Key Issues in the Milling Process of Difficult-to-Machine Materials
This paper systematically analyses the machining performance and mechanisms of difficult-to-machine materials such as austenitic stainless steel, titanium alloys, and pure metals during milling processes. It addresses issues including low cutting efficiency, rapid tool wear, and challenges in ensuring machining accuracy. By analysing material properties and machining challenges, this paper focuses on comprehensive process improvement measures encompassing tool selection, geometric parameter optimisation, cutting parameter setting, and cooling strategies. Aimed at providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the efficient and precision milling of the aforementioned typical difficult-to-machine materials.
Study on Desorption and Diffusion Characteristics of CO2 in Cracked Coal
Gas migration within coal matrices is driven by concentration gradients, fundamentally representing gas diffusion and mass transfer within porous frameworks. During this process, gas molecules adsorbed on coal surfaces desorb and primarily reside in the micro-pores (<2 nm) and mesopores (2-50 nm) within the coal structure. Due to the extreme pore dimensions, gas movement is predominantly governed by intermolecular collisions and interactions with pore walls, where diffusion mechanisms dominate. To investigate the impact of CO2 phase transition-induced fracturing shock waves on gas desorption and diffusion behavior in coal samples, this study selected three coal samples: Zhangcun (ZC), Chengzhuang (CZ), and Jiulishan (JLS). We designed and conducted isothermal natural desorption experiments for gas before and after the shock wave impact. Experimental results demonstrate a positive correlation between cumulative gas desorption capacity and initial adsorption equilibrium pressure in coal samples, indicating that the desorption capacity increases with rising initial adsorption equilibrium pressure. When initial adsorption equilibrium pressure is identical, the desorption curves of impact samples consistently outperform those of original samples. Under equivalent initial adsorption equilibrium pressure, coal samples subjected to CO₂ phase transition-induced cracking exhibit significantly higher initial gas desorption rates compared to their original counterparts, with post-impact desorption curves surpassing the original curves. For identical samples, higher initial adsorption equilibrium pressure correlates with greater early-stage gas desorption rates. This establishes a clear positive correlation between initial gas desorption rates and initial adsorption equilibrium pressure in coal samples.
CO2-induced phase change-induced fracturing
Effect of Transmission Shaft Offset on Conveyor Chain Vibration of Mesh Belt Dryer
In order to investigate the influence of drive shaft offset on conveyor chain vibration in mesh belt dryer, the vibration of chain drive system is detected and analyzed by building a conveyor chain test platform, and at the same time, in order to better study the interaction between three factors, namely, rotational speed, center distance and offset, the response relationship of each factor on the transverse, longitudinal and lateral vibration displacements of the conveyor chain is analyzed by means of Box-Behnken test. It was found that when the test platform of conveyor chain was kept at the center distance of 660 mm, the level of triaxial vibration displacement increased with the increase of rotational speed; when the conveyor chain existed offset, the lateral vibration level of the test platform changed with the change of the tension level, i.e., the larger the average center distance of the two chains, the larger the amplitude of the lateral vibration displacement; when, in the rotational speed range from 27 rpm to 45 rpm, the rotational speed of 30 rpm When the rotational speed is 27 rpm to 45 rpm, the rotational speed is 30 rpm, the center distance is 659 mm, and the offset is 0 mm, the overall vibration amplitude of the conveyor chain test platform is the smallest, and the smoothness of the conveyor chain movement is the best. The study provides a reference for improving the smoothness of conveyor chain movement in mesh belt dryer.
Study on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Characteristics of Grease-Lubricated Spur Gears
To reveal the evolution mechanism of the lipid film at the meshing interface of involute spur gears, an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) numerical model for line contact of lipid-lubricated spur gears was established based on the Ostwald constitutive equation. The oil film pressure and thickness distributions along the meshing line were obtained by using a numerical iterative algorithm combined with the multi-grid technique. On this basis, the influence laws of key operating parameters (gear speed, transmitted torque and lipid viscosity) on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics were systematically investigated. The results show that under lipid lubrication conditions, when the gear speed increases, the entrainment velocity increases accordingly, which is more conducive to the formation of the lubricating oil film, resulting in an increase in the oil film thickness. When the transmitted torque increases, the oil film thickness will slightly decrease. In addition, when the lipid viscosity increases, the position of the secondary pressure peak in the gear contact area shifts towards the inlet area, significantly increasing the oil film thickness. However, it is not advisable to pursue excessively high lipid viscosity, as the macroscopic rheology of the lipid, gear churning loss and lipid supply state should also be comprehensively considered. Therefore, in practical applications, when selecting a lipid for gears, the specific working conditions must be fully considered to ensure the best lubrication performance.
Research Progress and Prospects on the Adsorption of Ions in Wastewater by Eggshell Membranes
With the acceleration of industrialization, wastewater pollution has become an increasingly severe issue, and the search for efficient, low-cost wastewater treatment methods has become a research hotspot. Eggshell membrane, as a biological adsorbent material, has shown great potential in wastewater treatment due to its abundant sources, rich active functional groups, and unique structure. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research status of eggshell membrane in wastewater treatment, including preparation and characterization methods, adsorption performance for different ions, adsorption mechanisms, and practical application scenarios, and offers insights into future development directions, aiming to provide references for further research and application of eggshell membrane in the field of wastewater treatment.
Research Progress of Gold-based Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a critical step in the process of electrolytic water splitting for hydrogen production. The effectiveness, durability and economy of electrocatalysts are necessary prerequisites for meeting performance expectations. The unique electronic structure of gold enables gold-based catalysts to exhibit excellent properties in hydrogen evolution reactions. This review outlines the fundamental mechanisms of HER and the characteristics of gold-based materials. Furthermore, the effects of alloying strategy, carrier synergistic, and atomically precise construction of gold are deliberated. Finally, the future prospects involved in this process are discussed. We hope that this review can provide valuable insights for the design and development of efficient and stable catalysts for applications in electrochemical hydrogen production and other related fields.
Research Progress of Deep Learning-Based Wood Surface Defect Detection
The detection of surface defects in wood is crucial for enhancing product value and manufacturing efficiency. Traditional methods exhibit inherent limitations in both efficiency and robustness, whereas deep learning techniques offer innovative solutions to these challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in this field, beginning with an overview of the evolution from convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to object detection and image segmentation models, as well as their adaptability in wood defect identification. It then focuses on the role of key optimization strategies, such as attention mechanisms and multi-scale feature fusion, in improving detection performance under complex textures. Finally, this paper highlights future directions, including the integration of multimodal information, the development of self-supervised learning, and the construction of end-to-end systems, all aimed at providing forward-looking technological references for the intelligent upgrading of the wood industry.
Wood surface defects; deep learning; object detection; attention mechanism; multi-scale feature fusion.
Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Management System for Near-Zero Energy Buildings
To address the issue of energy consumption and carbon emissions deviating from expectations due to improper operation and maintenance management in near-zero energy buildings, an intelligent operation and maintenance management system based on a B/S architecture was designed and developed. The system integrates active and passive collaborative management technologies to establish a multi-dimensional energy efficiency assessment system covering operational energy consumption, indoor environment, equipment efficiency, and carbon emissions. Based on real-time assessment data and energy consumption baselines, the system generates energy-saving and carbon-reduction strategies. Incorporating user behavior analysis, a closed-loop "assessment-diagnosis-control" management framework is constructed to significantly reduce carbon emissions during building operation. The system frontend uses Vue.js and Three.js to implement 3D building visualization and device status interaction. The backend, based on the Spring Boot framework, utilizes the WebSocket protocol for real-time data communication, enabling real-time diagnosis of building energy efficiency and energy-saving optimization, providing an effective solution for the refined operation and maintenance of near-zero energy buildings.
Near-Zero Energy Building; Operation and Maintenance Management; WebGL; 3D Visualization.
Soil pH is an important factor that influences crop planting due to its effects on mineral availability, growth, and reproduction of crops. This study examined the effects of three soil pH levels 5.5 (acidic), 7.1 (neutral), and 8.1 (basic) on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of Solanum lycopersicum (Brandywine). An experiment of 15 plants was carried out. Plants were grown outdoors for four months with 5 plants per treatment; vegetative traits, fruit production, and quality parameters were evaluated. Overall, the data suggests that acidic soils had the highest number of fruit per plant (13.4 ± 1.02) and superior quality traits, including mass, °Brix, lycopene, and vitamin C, but also showed an increased incidence of blossom-end rot. Neutral soils demonstrated a more balanced vegetative growth and optimal fruit mineral content, while basic soils resulted in taller plants but significantly reduced yield (8.2 ± 0.75 fruits per plant) and lower fruit quality. One-way ANOVA confirmed that there are significant differences among treatments (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that maintaining soil pH slightly acidic to neutral (6.0-6.8) enhances productivity and quality of fruit in tomato farming.
Research on Functional Data Method Based on Air Quality Index of Sichuan Basin
So far, there have been relatively few studies on air quality in the Sichuan Basin. This paper uses the functional data analysis method to study the air quality data of the Sichuan Basin. Firstly, the discrete air quality data of 21 prefecture-level cities in the Sichuan Basin were smoothed using the Fourier basis function to transform them into continuous functional data. Then, the principal component analysis of the smoothed air quality index was conducted. Secondly, the non-negative matrix factorization method is introduced to achieve data dimensionality reduction and retain key information through the linear combination of basis vectors, and to conduct cluster analysis on the air quality data of the Sichuan Basin. The research results show that the fluctuation of the air quality index in the Sichuan Basin has a distinct seasonal pattern. The cumulative variance contribution rate of the first three principal components reached 95.3%, which can explain most of the original data. According to the clustering results, the Sichuan Basin can be divided into three types of regions, namely the core area, the marginal area and the mountainous area in southwest China. These studies provide data support and theoretical basis for the future pollution prevention and control policies in the Sichuan Basin.
Air quality; Functional principal component analysis; Non-negative matrix factorization; Cluster analysis.
Research on the Alignment Method for Multi-Segment Long Shaft Systems
Aiming at the problems of frequent measurement, difficult adjustment and error accumulation in conventional alignment of a ship's multi-segment long shaft system due to many moving parts and dense nodes, this paper proposes an integrated scheme of "tooling constraint-stepwise alignment-laser detection-overall re-inspection" by analyzing technical principles, designing special tooling and optimizing process flow, combined with the onshore experiment scenario. The scheme restricts the movement allowance of self-aligning roller bearings and drum gear couplings through positioning tooling, and achieves high-precision measurement with a laser aligner. Finally, the radial deviation of the shaft system is controlled within ≤0.2mm and the axial deflection within ≤0.25mm/m. Moreover, the shaft system shows excellent precision stability after 4 hours of no-load operation, providing engineering reference for the alignment of similar shaft systems.
Multi-segment long shaft system; Drum gear coupling; Self-aligning roller bearing; Laser alignment technology.
Instabilities of Plasma in Magnetic Constraint Controlled Nuclear Fusion Devices
This paper investigates the plasma instability issues in magnetic confinement nuclear fusion devices and explores their impact on fusion reaction efficiency and control methods. The research aims to analyze the physical mechanisms of macroscopic and microscopic scale plasma instabilities and conclude suppression strategies. Through theoretical models, numerical simulations, and data-driven methods, a systematic study was conducted on various instabilities such as resistive wall mode, tearing mode, and edge localized mode, as well as their interactions. The research results indicate that by optimizing the magnetic field structure, employing resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) technology, and using supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI), instabilities can be effectively suppressed, and plasma confinement performance can be improved. Additionally, the research on high-parameter steady-state operation and the interaction between fast particles and instabilities provides important basis for the commercial operation of future fusion devices. The conclusion of this paper emphasizes the crucial role of plasma instability control in achieving controllable nuclear fusion and looks forward to the future development direction of related technologies.
Magnetic confinement nuclear fusion; Plasma instability; macroscopic plasma perturbation; Magnetohydrodynamics; Microscopic-scale plasma perturbations.